A new species in the formerly monotypic genus Vitalianthus is described from Amazonas State, Brazil. Vitalianthus urubuensis sp. n. exhibits leaves with an unbroken chain of ocelli, upright orientation of the underleaf lobes, and a 4-keeled perianth lacking horn-like projections; all features that distinguish the only other known member of this genus, V. bischleriana (Porto & Grolle) R. M. Schust. & Giancotti. Differences between V. urubuensis and V. bischleriana are most evident in leaf and lobule morphology. The discovery of this new species in central Amazonia dramatically expands the geographic range of Vitalianthus, a taxon once considered endemic to the coastal rainforests of northeastern Brazil.